Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) represent one of the most transformative and controversial fundraising mechanisms in the history of the crypto ecosystem. Long before decentralized finance (DeFi), launchpads, and Initial DEX Offerings (IDOs) became mainstream, ICOs served as the primary gateway through which blockchain startups accessed global capital. While the model has evolved significantly...

Introduction: Why ICOs Still Matter in the Evolving Blockchain Landscape Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) remain one of the most influential fundraising models in the blockchain industry, especially for early-stage startups seeking global investor participation without traditional barriers. Despite the rise of alternatives like IDOs, STOs, and IEOs, ICOs continue to offer unmatched flexibility and...